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[From the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 
Vol. XXII, May 17 , 1882.] 


SOME NEW EVIDENCES OF CANNIBALISM AMONG 
THE INDIANS OF NEW ENGLAND FROM THE 
ISLAND OF MT. DESERT, ME. 

BY HENRY Wi IIAYNES. 




[From the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 
Vol. xxii, May 17, 1882.] 


SOME NEW EVIDENCES OF CANNIBALISM AMONG THE IN¬ 
DIANS OF NEW ENGLAND FROM THE ISLAND OF MT. 
DESERT, ME. 


BY HENRY W. HAYNES. 

During the past three summers I have spent considerable time 
in the study of various Indian shell-heaps to be found in different 
parts of the island of Mt. Desert; more especially of the one at 



1882.] 


01 


[Haynes. 


Hull’s Cove, of that upon Bar Island, and of the one upon the 
shore of the creek immediately opposite. 

These large collections of shells on the shores of Frenchman’s 
Bay were first mentioned by Williamson, who speaks of their 
great extent, and adduces in proof of their antiquity the circum¬ 
stance that the first settlers found a heavy growth of trees upon 
them, whose stumps are still to be seen. 1 

Dr. Jeffries Wyman has published an account of his investiga¬ 
tions in some of them, but in localities different from those which 
I have studied. 2 He states that implements made of stone were 
very rare in those examined by him, and that pottery was but 
poorly represented. My experience has been quite different. 

1 have found .half a dozen stone axes, one of which was fully 
nine inches long, and quite a number of other implements of con¬ 
siderable size. These axes were all of the “ celt ” pattern, includ¬ 
ing one of the so-called “ shoe-shaped ” type, and not “ tomahawks,’’ 
furnished with a groove around the middle. There were also as 
many as a hundred smaller objects, all remarkably well chipped, 
and mostly made out of a compact green felsite, speckled with 
quartz. There were at least two dozen large spear-heads, and as 
many knives ; as many arrow-heads, and an equal number of skin- 
scrapers. Of the latter class one quite small specimen, made of 
a red felsite resembling the “ Saugus jasper,” is interesting as being 
precisely similar in size and shape, and probably in material, to 
one which I had found some years previously in the cave at Men¬ 
tone, in the south of Fiance, from which came the skeleton of 
the famous “Fossil Man,” now preserved at the Jardin des 
Plantes ” in Paris. 

Fragments of pottery were not at all rare in any of the heaps 
I examined, and among them was a portion of a bowl of a pipe. 

Dr. Wyman found that implements made of bone were more 
common, and several of these he has figured in a couple of plates. 
Of most of these bone implements I also met with similar speci¬ 
mens, including two examples of the peculiar little object made 
out of the lower incisor tooth of a beaver, cut down to a thin 
edge. 

l History of Maine, Vol. i, p. 80. 2 American Naturalist, Vol. i, p. 561. 


Haynes.] 


62 


[May 17, 


The heaps themselves were mainly composed of the shells of 
the common clam, the whelk and the mussel, and in them occurred 
the bones of the following species of animals, which have been 
already determined: the Moose, Deer, Bear, Dog, Beaver, Otter, 
Seal, Dog-fish, Goose, and the Great Auk, now extinct. This list 
agrees substantially with that given by Dr. Wyman. 

But what I wish especially to bring to the attention of this 
Society at the present time is the fragment of a human bone, which 
I dug out of the shell-heap at Hull’s Cove in the summer of 1880. 
It is a portion, about three inches in length, of the left femur, 
between the lesser trochanter and the foramen, according to the 
determination of Mr. F. W. Putnam. It was found under pre¬ 
cisely the same circumstances as the bones of animals obtained at 
the same time from the heap, all of which were broken into 
pieces such as would come from portions of flesh of a size suitable 
for cooking in the pots, whose fragments abounded there. Like 
these it appears to have been broken for a similar object, and thus 
it would seem to furnish substantial evidence of the prevalence 
of cannibalism among the people, whose kitchen refuse makes up 
these shell-heaps. 

Although Mr. Francis Pnrkman, in his various historical writ¬ 
ings, has given many narratives derived from early Jesuit sources, 
which show that this practice existed among the Iroquois, the 
Algonquins, and other north-eastern tribes, yet the practical proof 
of it hitherto brought to light in Hew England amounts to but 
very little. All the shell-heaps of this region that have thus far 
been investigated, so far as my information extends, have afforded 
only six instances in which fragments of the human skeleton 
have been found. 

At Cotuit-port, in Barnstable, Mass., Dr. Wyman came upon a 
metatarsal bone of the great toe of the human foot. 

Mr. J. Eliot (Jabot dug out of a shell-heap at Ipswich, Mass., 
a portion of a lower human jaw and also the upper part of a 
humerus, which had been fashioned into an’ implement. This is 
now preserved in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge. 1 

A human skull was found by Mr. Caleb Cooke, under the 

1 Second Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, p. 16 . 


1882.] 


G3 


[Haynes. 


Pine-grove shell-heap, near Salem, Mass. This Mr. Putnam 
believes to be the oldest one ever discovered in New England. 1 

But most considerable of all is the discovery made in 1877 by 
Mr. Manley Hardy, at Great Deer Isle, in Penobscot Bay, of 
“ a human femur, and near by some twenty or thirty more bones 
of legs and arms, a sternum and portions of a pelvis, but no 

vertebrae, or ribs.Many of them were broken, and they 

had no more apparent connection with each other than any heap 
of bones among kitchen refuse would have ; and were mixed with 
bones of moose and beaver and with ashes and remains of fires.” 
Subsequently two crania, with the lower jaws detached, were 
found underneath the whole mass. This Mr. Putnam regards as 
“ the only evidence yet obtained of cannibalism among the shell- 
heap people of New England.” 2 

But in this instance, as well as in that of the skeleton stated 
in the newspapers to have been found in a shell-heap in George¬ 
town, Me., and to have been deposited in the cabinet of Bowdoin 
College, the objection may be raised that possibly these are only 
examples of intrusive burial. This is undoubtedly the case of 
the skeleton found by Dr. Chapman in the enormous shell-heap 
at Damariscotta and Newcastle, Me. 3 Of that I have here two 
fragments for purposes of comparison, which show from their con¬ 
dition and the entire absence of organic matter in them that 
they are much older than the fragment of a femur from Hull’s 
Cove, 

To this the explanation of burial cannot apply ; and it seems 
difficult to account for its presence among fragments of bones of 
animals that had evidently served for man’s food upon any other 
theory than that of the prevalence of cannibalism among the 
race, whose relics we find so abundantly in the shell-heaps of Mt. 
Desert. 


1 Tenth Report of the Peabody Mus., p. 29. 

2 Eleventh do. p. 190. 

3 Proceed, of Sci. Assoc, of Urbane, Ohio, Vol. I, p. 70. 


















































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